Sultan Mohammed III and the 1787 Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship
The Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship, signed in 1787, stands as a landmark in the history of international diplomacy. Not only is it the longest unbroken treaty in the history of the United States, but it also highlights Morocco’s pivotal role as a pioneer in recognizing American independence. This historic agreement was forged under the leadership of Sultan Mohammed III (Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah), a visionary ruler whose foreign policy was marked by pragmatism, foresight, and a desire to strengthen Morocco’s global ties.
This article explores the life and leadership of Sultan Mohammed III, the circumstances leading to the treaty, its key provisions, and its lasting impact on Moroccan-American relations.
1. Who Was Sultan Mohammed III?
A. Early Life and Ascension to the Throne
Sultan Mohammed III was born in 1710 and became the Sultan of Morocco in 1757, succeeding his father, Moulay Abdallah Ibn Ismail. His ascension marked the beginning of a period of significant reform and modernization for Morocco.
B. Reforms and Visionary Leadership
- Economic Modernization: Sultan Mohammed III worked to modernize Morocco’s economy by developing trade relationships with foreign powers, including Europe and the emerging United States.
- Naval Strength: Understanding the importance of maritime power, he invested in building a strong navy to protect Moroccan interests in the Mediterranean and Atlantic.
- Religious Tolerance: The Sultan welcomed religious minorities, including Jews and Christians, into Moroccan society, recognizing their contributions to trade and diplomacy.
2. Morocco: The First Nation to Recognize the United States
A. Early Recognition of American Independence (1777)
On December 20, 1777, Sultan Mohammed III made a historic declaration: American ships would be welcomed into Moroccan ports. This act effectively made Morocco the first country to recognize the sovereignty of the United States, a gesture that did not go unnoticed by American leaders.
This bold move was not merely symbolic; it was strategic. By aligning with the newly independent United States, Morocco sought to:
- Expand its trade routes across the Atlantic.
- Strengthen its naval security by establishing peaceful relations with an emerging maritime power.
- Establish Morocco as a key player in global diplomacy.
3. The 1787 Treaty of Peace and Friendship
A. Negotiation and Signatories
The negotiation of the treaty was a swift and amicable process, reflecting the mutual respect between Morocco and the United States.
- American Representatives: The U.S. Congress appointed Thomas Barclay as the chief negotiator. His efforts were later supported by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, who were serving as U.S. ministers to Britain and France, respectively.
- Moroccan Delegation: The Moroccan side was represented by Tahir Fannish, a trusted official of Sultan Mohammed III.
B. Key Dates:
- Treaty Signed: June 28, 1786
- Ratified by U.S. Congress: July 18, 1787
4. Key Provisions of the Treaty
The Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship established a framework for cooperation between the two nations. Among its most notable provisions were:
A. Protection of Commerce
The treaty ensured that:
- American ships could safely navigate Moroccan waters without fear of piracy.
- Moroccan ports would be open to American merchants for trade and supplies.
B. Mutual Assistance in Times of Crisis
Both nations agreed to:
- Assist each other’s ships in distress, including protection from privateers and enemies.
- Provide shelter and supplies to sailors who encountered trouble along their trade routes.
C. Diplomatic Representation
The treaty laid the groundwork for the establishment of consulates in each other’s territories, facilitating ongoing diplomatic and commercial relations.
D. Religious Tolerance
The agreement emphasized that religious differences would not affect the friendship between the two nations—a principle that reflected Morocco’s pluralistic values under Sultan Mohammed III’s rule.
5. The Sultan and His Correspondence with George Washington
The goodwill established by the treaty was further cemented through personal correspondence between Sultan Mohammed III and President George Washington.
- In 1789, Sultan Mohammed III wrote to Washington, expressing his desire for continued friendship and cooperation.
- In his reply, President George Washington expressed profound gratitude to the Sultan, acknowledging Morocco’s pioneering role in recognizing American independence and reaffirming the United States’ commitment to the treaty.
6. Legacy of the Treaty: A Friendship That Endures
A. The Longest Unbroken Treaty in U.S. History
The Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship remains the longest-standing treaty in American diplomatic history, a symbol of enduring peace and cooperation.
B. Strengthened Bilateral Relations
Over two centuries later, Morocco and the United States continue to enjoy strong diplomatic ties, built on the foundation established by Sultan Mohammed III. Their cooperation spans:
- Trade and Investment
- Cultural Exchange
- Military Partnership (e.g., joint military exercises such as “African Lion”)
C. Symbol of Morocco’s Diplomatic Legacy
The treaty highlights Morocco’s early role as a leader in international diplomacy, setting an example of peaceful engagement and cooperation across cultures and continents.
7. Sultan Mohammed III’s Enduring Impact on Morocco
A. Diplomatic Legacy
Sultan Mohammed III’s proactive foreign policy established Morocco as a respected and independent power on the global stage.
B. Economic Modernization
His focus on trade and maritime security laid the groundwork for Morocco’s continued economic development.
C. Religious Tolerance and Cultural Pluralism
His policies of inclusiveness and protection for religious minorities continue to shape Morocco’s modern identity as a country of coexistence and cultural richness.
A Visionary Sultan and a Timeless Treaty
Sultan Mohammed III’s leadership during the negotiation of the Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship was more than an act of diplomacy; it was a statement of Morocco’s values—peace, cooperation, and global engagement. His foresight not only secured Morocco’s place in the international community but also forged a friendship with the United States that has endured for over two centuries.
This treaty stands as a monument to visionary leadership, reminding us that the bonds of peace and friendship can transcend continents, cultures, and centuries.
Images of Historical Significance
A depiction of Sultan Mohammed III, the architect of Morocco’s enduring friendship with the U.S.
The 1787 Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship document.
Letter from U.S. President George Washington to Sultan Mohammed III, expressing gratitude for Morocco’s friendship.
In the late 18th century, as the United States emerged from its Revolutionary War, establishing diplomatic relations with foreign powers became imperative. Morocco, under the enlightened rule of Sultan Mohammed III, recognized the potential of fostering ties with the new nation. This foresight led to the Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1787, a landmark agreement that stands as the longest unbroken treaty in U.S. history.
Sultan Mohammed III: A Visionary Leader
Sultan Mohammed III, also known as Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah, ascended to the Moroccan throne in 1757. His reign, lasting until 1790, was marked by efforts to modernize Morocco and expand its international relations. Understanding the strategic importance of maritime trade, the Sultan sought to protect Moroccan interests by establishing alliances with emerging global powers.
The Path to the Treaty
Early Recognition
On December 20, 1777, Sultan Mohammed III made a groundbreaking decision by declaring that American ships could access Moroccan ports, effectively recognizing the sovereignty of the United States. This act positioned Morocco as the first country to acknowledge the independence of the U.S. citeturn0search0
Negotiation Process
The formalization of relations commenced in 1785 when the U.S. Congress authorized negotiations for a treaty with Morocco. Thomas Barclay was appointed as the American emissary to lead these discussions. In June 1786, Barclay met with Sultan Mohammed III’s representative, Tahir Fannish, in Marrakesh. The negotiations were swift and amicable, culminating in the signing of the treaty on June 28, 1786. Subsequently, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, serving as American ministers in Europe, endorsed the treaty in January 1787. The U.S. Congress ratified it on July 18, 1787. citeturn0search1
Significance of the Treaty
The Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship established a framework for diplomatic and commercial relations between the two nations. Key provisions included:
- Protection of Commerce: Ensured safe passage for American vessels in Moroccan waters.
- Mutual Assistance: Outlined support in the event of conflicts with other nations.
- Establishment of Consulates: Allowed for the presence of consular officials to facilitate trade and resolve disputes.
This treaty not only safeguarded American maritime interests but also signified a mutual commitment to peace and collaboration.
Legacy
Remarkably, this treaty has endured for over two centuries, symbolizing the enduring friendship between Morocco and the United States. It remains a testament to Sultan Mohammed III’s visionary leadership and the early diplomatic efforts of the U.S. The treaty continues to be a foundational document in the bilateral relations of the two countries.
Visual Representation
To further appreciate this historical milestone, here are some related images:
- Sultan Mohammed III: A depiction of Sultan Mohammed III, the Moroccan ruler who initiated the treaty.
- The 1787 Moroccan-American Treaty: An image of the original treaty document signed between Morocco and the United States.
- George Washington’s Letter to Sultan Mohammed III: A letter from President George Washington expressing gratitude to the Sultan.